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Aquaculture: Vitamin A

Deficiency

Salmonids: Reduced growth, exophthalmia (Illus. 1 and 2), depigmentation, clouding and thickening of corneal epithelium, degeneration of the retina (McLaren et al., 1947; Phillips and Brockway, 1957; Kitamura et al., 1967a, b; Poston et al., 1977).

Illustration 1
Illustration 2

Cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou): red fins and truncated snout, increased mortality, anemia, atrophic and necrotic hepatic lesions, malformation of bone tissue in the skull and vertebral protuberance, degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers, thinning of epidermis accompanied by an increased number of mucous cells (Taveekijakarn et al., 1994).

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Reduced leukocyte migration and serum bactericidal activity (Thompson et al., 1994, 1995)

Turbot (Psetta maxima): Increased incidence of albinism in larvae (Estévez and Kanazawa, 1995).

Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Increased incidence of albinism in larvae (Miki et al., 1989, 1990; Takeuchi et al., 1995).

Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata): Dark coloration, hemorrhage on fins and eyes, hemorrhagic liver, anemia, poor growth of operculum (Shimeno, 1991).

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Anorexia, faded body color, fin and skin hemorrhage, exophthalmia, abnormal or warped gill operculae (Aoe et al., 1968).

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Depigmentation, opaque and protruding eyes (exophthalmia), edema, atrophy, kidney hemorrhage, increased mortality (Dupree, 1966).

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Anorexia, reduced growth, increased mortality, restlessness, abnormal movement, blindness, exophthalmia; hemorrhagic eyes, fins and skin; pot-belly syndrome, reduced mucus secretion (Saleh et al., 1995).

Guppy (Poecilia reticulata): Reduced growth, poor feed efficiency, high mortality (Shim and Tan, 1989).

Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis): Reduced growth, labilization of skeletal muscle and skin (Goswami and Basumatari, 1988; Harikumar et al., 1996).

Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei): Reduced growth in juveniles (He et al., 1992).

 

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