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Aquaculture: Vitamin B12

Deficiency

Salmonids: Anorexia, anemia, reduced growth, fragmented erythrocytes, increased number of immature erythrocytes, poor feed efficiency, dark pigmentation (Halver, 1957; Phillips et al., 1964).

Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata): Congestion in fins and opercula, hemorrhagic liver, macrocytic anemia (Shimeno, 1991).

Eel (Anguilla japonica): poor growth (Arai et al., 1972).

Red sea bream (Pagrus major): Poor growth (Yone and Fujii, 1974).

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Reduced growth, low hematocrit (Dupree, 1966; Limsuwan and Lovell, 1981).

Rohu (Labeo rohita): Reduced growth, low hematocrit, megaloblastic normochromic macrocytic anemia (John and Mahajan, 1979).

Tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes): Poor appetites, reduced growth (Kato et al., 1994).

Japanese parrot fish (Oplegnthus faciatus): Reduced growth (Ikeda et al., 1988).

Shrimp (Penaeus japonicus): Reduced larval survival (Kanazawa, 1985).

Shrimp (Penaeus monodon): Reduced growth (Shiau and Lung, 1993b).

 

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