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Aquaculture: Vitamin E

Deficiency

Salmonids: Reduced growth, exophthalmia, ascites, anemia, clubbed gills, epicarditis, ceroid deposition in liver and spleen, increased mortality, pale gills, erythrocyte fragility, muscle damage/degeneration, reduced egg hatching rate and spawning efficiency, and reduced antibody response (Woodall et al., 1964; Poston, 1965; Watanabe et al., 1981b; Cowey et al., 1984; Moccia et al., 1984; Oberbach and Hartfiel, 1988; Hardie et al., 1990; Frischknecht et al., 1994).

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); anemia, pale gills, anisocytosis, poikiocytosis, exudative diathesis, dermal depigmentation, yellow-orange liver color, muscular dystrophy ( Illus. 1 ), low hemoglobin levels, and liver ceroid accumulation (Poston et al., 1976; Hamre et al., 1994; Hamre and Lie, 1995a).

Illustration 1

Amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus): Anorexia, anemia, hepatic perivasculitis and intestinal periarteritis (Taveekijakarn et al., 1996a).

Yellowtail (Seriloa quinqueradiata): Dark coloration, ataxia, congestion in fins and operculae, convulsions and muscular dystrophy (Shimeno, 1991). Rancid oil or a deficiency of vitamin C and (or) vitamin E has been associated with jaundice (Murata et al., 1996).

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Increased erythrocyte fragility (Obach et al., 1993).
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer): Dark coloration, muscle atrophy and increased susceptibility to bacterial skin infection (Boonyaratpalin and Wanakowat, 1993).

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Muscular dystrophy, mortality, exophthalmia, visceral ceroidosis and altered tissue fatty acid profiles (Watanabe et al., 1970; Watanabe and Takashima , 1977; Watanabe et al., 1977a, b; Miyazaki and Kubota, 1981; Watanabe et al., 1981a; Miyazaki, 1986).

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Marked loss of back flesh, lordosis, muscular dystrophy, and "sekoke" disease (Takeuchi et al., 1992).

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Reduced growth and feed efficiency, exudative diathesis, muscular dystrophy, depigmentation, fatty liver, anemia, atrophy of pancreatic tissue, mortality, ceroid deposition in liver/blood vessels, and splenic hemosiderosis (Dupree, 1966; Murai and Andrews, 1974; Lovell et al., 1984; Wilson et al., 1984; Gatlin et al., 1986a).

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus/aureus): Anorexia, reduced growth, poor feed efficiency, skin and fin hemorrhage, muscle degeneration, impaired red blood cell production, ceroid deposition in liver and spleen, lack of skin color, and increased mortality (Satoh et al., 1987; Roem et al., 1990; Eleraky et al., 1995).

Goldfish (Carassius auratus): Skeletal muscle degeneration, epidermal necrosis, hepatocellular vacuolation, degranulation of pancreatic acini, splenic hemosiderosis, and marked excessive renal extramedullary hematopoiesis (Huerkamp et al., 1988).

Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli): Anorexia, reduced growth, poor feed conversion, reduced hematocrit, muscular dystrophy, shortened operculae, exophthalmia, and altered liver and muscle fatty acid profiles (Bai and Lee, 1998).

Shrimp (Penaeus japonicus/vannamei/indicus); Reduced survival, poor growth, darkening of hepatopancreas, and reduced hatching rates and larval viability (Cahu et al., 1991; He et al., 1992).

 

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