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Aquaculture: Vitamin K
Deficiency

Salmonids: Increased blood clotting time; anemia; hemorrhagic gills, eyes, and vascular tissue; and hepatic atrophy (Kitamura et al., 1967a; Phillips et al., 1963; Poston, 1964, 1976a; Salte and Norberg, 1991).

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Skin hemorrhage (Dupree, 1966; Murai and Andrews, 1977).
Shrimp: Reduced larval survival (Penaeus japonicus) (Kanazawa, 1985), reduced growth and feed efficiency (P. monodon; P. chinensis) (Shiau and Liu, 1994a, b).

 
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