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Aquaculture: Vitamin K

Properties

Compounds possessing vitamin K activity are all derivatives of naphthoquinones; the two naturally occurring forms are phylloquinone (vitamin K1, synthesized by green leafy plants) and menaquinones (vitamin K2, synthesized by microorganisms) (Illus. 1).

Illustration 1

Apart from natural sources, the most common source of vitamin K used in animal feeds is the synthetic derivative menadione, or vitamin K3, either as menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) or its complex (MSBC). Other stable sources of vitamin K that are commercially available are menadione dimethyl pyramidinol bisulfite (MPB) and menadione nicotinamide bisulfite (MNB).

 

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