Salmonids: Anorexia, poor growth, reduced feed efficiency, dark coloration, swollen gills but not clubbed; erratic swimming, muscle spasms while resting, abdominal edema, photosensitivity or susceptibility to sunburn (McLaren et al., 1947; Halver, 1957; Poston and DiLorenzo, 1973; Poston and Wolfe, 1985).
Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis): Anorexia, poor growth, erratic swimming, epithelial and fin base hemorrhages, deformed gill operculum (Kanazawa, 1991).
Red sea bream (Pagrus major): Poor growth (Yone and Fujii, 1974).
Eel (Anguilla japonica): Hemorrhage and skin lesions, reduced growth, ataxia (abnormal swimming), dark coloration (Arai et al., 1972).
Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata): Skin lesions, hemorrhage on body surface, loss of caudal fin (Shimeno, 1991).
Gilthead bream (Sparus auratus): Anorexia, reduced growth, anemia (Morris et al., 1995).
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Skin hemorrhage, high mortality (Aoe et al., 1967a).
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Anorexia, reduced growth, hemorrhage of skin over the lateral line, high mortality, anemia (Morris et al., 1998).
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Hemorrhage and lesions of skin and fin, deformed jaws, anemia, exophthalmia, high mortality (Dupree, 1966; Andrews and Murai, 1978; Ng et al., 1997).
Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus): Anorexia, reduced growth, muscle spasms, loss of equilibrium, whirling, lethargy, hemorrhage under the skin and fins, slight exophthalmia, high mortality, erratic swimming (Butthep et al., 1985).
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus): Anorexia, reduced growth; skin and fin and mouth lesions and hemorrhages; deformed snout; gill edema (Shiau and Suen, 1992).
Tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes): Anorexia, reduced growth, lethargy, slight convulsions, increased mortality (Kato et al., 1994).
Japanese parrot fish (Oplegnthus faciatus): Anorexia, reduced growth (Ikeda et al., 1988).
Shrimp: Reduced growth and survival (Penaeus japonicus) (Kanazawa, 1985); no deficiency signs reported by Shiau and Suen (1994) in P. monodon; high mortality, anorexia, blackening of gills (P. indicus) (Gopal and Raj, 1993).
