Limited data with pigs indicated a high tolerance for choline (NRC, 1998). However, a more extensive study indicated that excess choline should be avoided in pig diets if maximum rate of gain is to be achieved (Southern et al., 1986). Excess supplemental choline (2,000 mg per kg; 909 mg per lb) given throughout the weanling, growing and finishing phases of growth (121 to 126 days) reduced daily gain but had no effect on feed utilization. Choline at 2,000 mg per kg (909 mg per lb) did not affect pig gain when given only during the growing and finishing stages (68 to 86 days). Bryant et al. (1977) also found no detrimental effects of choline on performance of young or grow-finish pigs fed diets containing 910 mg choline per lb of complete feed.
