Both acute and chronic studies with animals have shown that, compared with vitamin A and vitamin D, vitamin E is relatively non-toxic but not entirely devoid of undesirable effects. Hypervitaminosis E studies in rats, chicks and humans indicate maximum tolerable levels in the range of 1,000 to 2,000 IU per kg (455 to 910 IU per lb) of diet (NRC, 1998). Vitamin E toxicity has not been demonstrated in swine. Batra et al. (1995) indicated that one to two days following injection of three to five times the manufacturer's recommended dose of vitamin E in pigs, lambs or calves, edematization and a transient elevation of body temperature were observed.
