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Delivery systems - Mixing tips

 

It takes a lot of hard work, thought and analysis to maximize ADG and feed efficiency. Producers fight hard to gain small improvements--often less than a single percentage point because the return is worth it.

Common sense tells us mixing is important--optimum performance requires that no animal be shortchanged of any nutrient. Gross mixing errors are usually obvious, but today's finely balanced rations deserve a finely tuned mixing program as well. Unfortunately, independent work tells us most producers do not have a good idea of how well their feed gets mixed.

For instance, in a survey of producers, only 20 percent reported they performed analysis on finished feed (Herrman and McClure, 1995). Another study in Kansas shows a wide range of variability in producers mixing results (Stark et al., 1991). In this study 42 percent of producers achieved a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10 or less which is the desired value.

Tuning a mixing program is not particularly complicated. It starts with developing and implementing a routine sampling program.

And, then if the CV is out of range, identify and correct the problem.

Sampling: Horizontal mixers

1. After predetermined mixing time is reached use a grain probe to collect samples directly from the mixer. Draw samples from predetermined spots across the face of the mixer.

2. Collect 10 samples of 1 to 2 lbs each.

3. Each sample should be identified with time sequence drawn.

4. If testing to determine the optimum mixing time, feed samples will have to be collected at each predetermined period.

Sampling: Vertical mixers

1. Collect samples at evenly spaced intervals during mixer discharge.

2. Collect 10 samples of 1 to 2 lbs each.

3. Each sample should be identified with the sample location in the mixer or the time sequence drawn.

4. If testing to determine the optimum mixing time, feed samples will have to be collected at each predetermined period.

With horizontal mixers, the samples can be collected by stopping the mixer and sampling at two minute intervals. With vertical mixers, sampling involves separate batches of feed mixed for different lengths of time. Here, it is important to use the same formulation and sequence of ingredients addition to give an accurate assessment across batches.

Sampling at other locations

Samples collected farther down the production line, such as from pellet mills, bulk bins or feed bunks, can be used to assess the effects of post-mixer handling on ration uniformity. This sampling will be less indicative of mixer performance but more indicative of the uniformity of the feed as received by the animals.

Feed bunk samples should be taken immediately after delivery by the feed truck. Collect 1 to 2 lb samples of fresh, undisturbed feed taken from the midpoint of each feedbunk immediately after feed delivery. In all, five to eight samples are taken from each batch of feed.

Markers

A marker can be either a normal constituent of the ration or a substance, such as colored iron particles, that has been added specifically to track dispersion and uniformity. The choice will depend on the ingredient composition and physical nature of the ration, but every marker should meet certain criteria to prevent an artificially low mixing CV. It should come from a single source in the ration, have a low inclusion rate and be relatively difficult to blend with other ingredients. Ideally, it should also be quickly, accurately and inexpensively analyzed.

However, if the ration included alfalfa or another high-calcium roughage, calcium could give a falsely low CV and thus be much less appropriate as a marker.

Analysis

Once a laboratory has completed the marker assay of the individual samples, the mean, standard deviation and CV for marker concentrations can be calculated. Many commercial analytical laboratories will calculate the statistics on request.

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