Only analyzing for single mycotoxins can lead to underestimation of the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on animal health and performance. Our long-term monitoring of mycotoxins in different commodities shows that cooccurrence of mycotoxins is the rule and not the exception. Here we need support of state-of the art analytical methods based on LC-MS/MS. These allow to detect multiple mycotoxins in one run. The high sensitivity of the method is important, as already moderate levels of mycotoxins can have a detrimental effect. This is especially true in case of co-contamination.
Until March, 5,383 samples were collected and analyzed from 64 countries around the world, and the report is now available for you to download.
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The most advanced and comprehensive mycotoxin analysis available.
It detects > 800 different mycotoxins (including masked and modified forms and emerging mycotoxins), fungal metabolites as well as plant and bacterial toxins and metabolites. This is not a routine analysis but it is done in special cases and/or also of course as part of research of future objectives. Spectrum 380® is developed and conducted by the world’s leading independent mycotoxin research lab at the Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna and offered through cooperation with dsm-firmenich.
The most comprehensive mycotoxin analysis commercially available.
It detects > 50 different mycotoxins (including masked and modified forms), emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites. The Spectrum Top® 50 method was developed by scientists of Romer Labs®, a leading global supplier of diagnostic solutions for food and feed safety.
| Metabolite | Description |
| Tryptophol | Tryptophol is produced by Aspergillus ssp. and has cytotoxic and cytostatic effects in vitro. It is genotoxic in lymphocytes and induces apoptosis in leukemic blood monocytes. In vivo it induces sleep in mice, rats, cats and humans. |
| Aurofusarin | Moniliformin is shown to be toxic to rodents and poultry. Toxic effects include damage to the heart muscle, respiratory distress, decreased feed intake and body weight gain and impaired immune function. |
| Moniliformin | Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that regulates numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. |
| Asperglaucide | Asperglaucide is an amide with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Asperglaucide inhibits production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and IL-1β. It is active against Gram-negative bacteria and has antioxidant activity. |
| Equisetin | Equisetin is produced by Fusarium ssp. and inhibits the DNP-stimulated ATPase activity of rat liver mitochondria and mitoplasts. It has weak activity against Gram-positive bacteria. |
| Flavoglaucin | Flavoglaucin is produced by Aspergillus ssp. |
| Siccanol | Siccanol, also named as Terpestacin is produced by Arthrinium ssp. |
| Infectopyron | Infectopyron is an alpha-pyrone and is a common Alternaria toxin that exerts cytotoxic effects. However, there is not much information on the threshold for this reasonably recently discovered toxin. |
| Enniatin B | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Culmorin | Culmorin is produced by Fusarium ssp. and exhibits strong synergistic effects with DON. |
| Brevianamid F | Brevianamide F is produced by Aspergillus ssp. It has activity against some Gram-positive bacteria and exerts hepatotoxic effects. |
| Emodin | Emodin is produced by Aspergillus ssp. It exerts genotoxic, cytotoxic, antitumor effects, as well as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. It induces embryonic toxicity in mouse blastocysts and is nephrotoxic in rats. Clinical symptoms in 1-day-old cockerels included loss of appetite, accumulation of fecal material with acute epidermal irritation around the cloaca, general debilitation, and mortality within 5 days of ingestion. |
| Abscisic acid | Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that regulates numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. |
| Beauvericin | Beauvericin is toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. According to published studies, acute exposure to beauvericin was not toxic to animals. However, the effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern.Beauvericin exhibits cytotoxic effects on intestinal procine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) |
| Daidzin | Genistin is a phytoestrogen. Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic compounds that are produced by plants. They primarily occur in legumes such as soy, clover and alfalfa. Phytoestrogens are structurally similar to estrogens, the primary female sex hormones. Due to this similarity, phytoestrogens bind to estrogen receptors and therefore exert estrogenic effects in animals. |
| Asperphenamate | Asperphenamate is produced by Aspergillus flavipes. It has a weak antitumor activity. |
| Daidzein | Daidzein is a phytoestrogen. Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic compounds that are produced by plants. They primarily occur in legumes such as soy, clover and alfalfa. Phytoestrogens are structurally similar to estrogens, the primary female sex hormones. Due to this similarity, phytoestrogens bind to estrogen receptors and therefore exert estrogenic effects in animals. |
| Enniatin B1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Tenuazonic acid | Tenuazonic acid showed toxic effects to rodents and chickens. EFSA concluded that adverse effects to chickens cannot be ruled out for chickens. In 2022, EU released indicative levels for TeA in certain foods for humans and esp. for infant consumption. |
| Bikaverin | Fungal metabolite, inhibitory activity agains mammalian cell lines reported |
| Neoechinulin A | Neoechinulins are metabolites produced by fungi or plants. Its pharmaceutical properties are under investigation. |
| Fellutanine A | Fellutanine A is a bio-active diketopiperazine alkaloid isolated from the cultures of Penicillium fellutanum. |
| Genistin | Genistin is a phytoestrogen. Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic compounds that are produced by plants. They primarily occur in legumes such as soy, clover and alfalfa. Phytoestrogens are structurally similar to estrogens, the primary female sex hormones. Due to this similarity, phytoestrogens bind to estrogen receptors and therefore exert estrogenic effects in animals. |
| Alternariolmethylether | no acute toxicity, cytotoxic and mutagenic in vitro, effects on reproductive & immune system in vitro. |
| 15-hydroxyculmorin | 15-Hydroxyculmorin is produced by Fusarium ssp. It is a trichothecene precursor and co-occurs with culmorin and DON. It is rather non-toxic. |
| Zearalenone | Zearalenone is an estrogenic toxin, i.e. it acts like the endogenous steroidal sex hormone estradiol thereby compromising the fertility and reproduction of animals. Furthermore, ZEN has been shown to be hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic. |
| Alternariol | no acute toxicity, cytotoxic and mutagenic in vitro, effects on reproductive & immune system in vitro. |
| Genistein | Genistein is a phytoestrogen. Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic compounds that are produced by plants. They primarily occur in legumes such as soy, clover and alfalfa. Phytoestrogens are structurally similar to estrogens, the primary female sex hormones. Due to this similarity, phytoestrogens bind to estrogen receptors and therefore exert estrogenic effects in animals. |
| Altersetin | Altersetin is produced by Alternaria ssp.and is showing antibacterial properties. |
| Deoxynivalenol | Deoxynivalenol induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity and myelotoxicity, as well as reproductive toxicity. It furthermore causes intestinal lesions and compromises the intestinal barrier function. DON enhance signs of PRRSV infection and caused vaccination failure in a vaccination-challenge trial. |
| Rugulusovin | Rugulusovin is produced by Aspergillus ssp. |
| Chrysogin | Chrysogine is a yellow pigment produced by Penicillium chrysogenum and other filamentous fungi. |
| Metabolite | Description |
| Enniatin B | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Deoxynivalenol | Deoxynivalenol induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity and myelotoxicity, as well as reproductive toxicity. It furthermore causes intestinal lesions and compromises the intestinal barrier function. DON enhance signs of PRRSV infection and caused vaccination failure in a vaccination-challenge trial. |
| Enniatin B1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Beauvericin | Beauvericin is toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. According to published studies, acute exposure to beauvericin was not toxic to animals. However, the effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern.Beauvericin exhibits cytotoxic effects on intestinal procine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) |
| Zearalenone | Zearalenone is an estrogenic toxin, i.e. it acts like the endogenous steroidal sex hormone estradiol thereby compromising the fertility and reproduction of animals. Furthermore, ZEN has been shown to be hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic. |
| Fumonisin B1 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses . Fumonisin B1 has been classified as a group 2B carcinogen. Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. Within the group of Fumonisins, Fumonisin B1 is the most toxic. |
| Enniatin A1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Fumonisin B2 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses . Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. |
| Moniliformin | Moniliformin is shown to be toxic to rodents and poultry. Toxic effects include damage to the heart muscle, respiratory distress, decreased feed intake and body weight gain and impaired immune function. |
| Alternariol | Alternariol is cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic to mammalian cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, negative effects of alternariol on the reproductive and immune system have been suggested by in vitro results. |
| Fumonisin B3 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses. Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. |
| Enniatin A | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside | Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside is a plant metabolite of deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside is less toxic than deoxynivalenol, but it is converted back to deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. In pigs and in rats, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was shown to be converted to deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract and deoxynivalenol was adsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. |
| 15-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol | 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol are metabolites of the mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. They can be converted to Deoxynivalenol in the intestinal tract. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol were shown to induce emesis and feed refusal. They were furthermore shown to be cytotoxic, to disrupt the barrier integrity of epithelial cells and to exert immunosuppressive effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. |
| HT-2 Toxin | HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene and a metabolite of T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin showed a high acute toxicity in mice and chickens with LD50 values in the same dose range as reported for T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin was shown to induce feed refusal in mice. Haematotoxic, immunotoxic and cytotoxic effects of HT-2 toxin were observed in vitro. |
| Aflatoxin B1 | Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins. They have been classified as group 1 carcinogens (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The primary target organ of aflatoxins is the liver. Furthermore, aflatoxins cause immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, reduced growth and decreased milk and egg production. |
| T-2 Toxin | T-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene. It showed a high acute toxicity in mice and chickens. T-2 toxin was shown to reduce feed intake in different species including pigs, ducks and mice. Other effects observed in different animal species include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and hepatotoxicty. |
| Ochratoxin A | Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin. It has been classified as a group 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Furthermore, ochratoxin A causes immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. |
| Sterigmatocystin | Sterigmatocystin is a precursor of aflatoxins and structurally similar to aflatoxin B1. Sterigmatocystin causes similar effects as aflatoxin B1 in animals, albeit with lower acute toxicity. In dairy cows, sterigmatocystin caused bloody diarrhea and reduced milk production. In pigs, sterigmatocystin caused decreased feed intake, incidental diarrhea and necrotic alterations of the liver tissue. Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of sterigmatocystin were observed in poultry. Furthermore, sterigmatocystin decreased body weight gain in different fish species. |
| Mycophenolic Acid | Mycophenolic acid shows a low acute toxicity in animals, but may cause immunosuppression. |
| Nivalenol | Nivalenol is a type B trichothecene. It induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and pathological alterations in the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. |
| 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol | 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol are metabolites of the mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. They can be converted to Deoxynivalenol in the intestinal tract. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol were shown to induce emesis and feed refusal. They were furthermore shown to be cytotoxic, to disrupt the barrier integrity of epithelial cells and to exert immunosuppressive effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. |
| Ergometrine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Aflatoxin B2 | Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins. They have been classified as group 1 carcinogens (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The primary target organ of aflatoxins is the liver. Furthermore, aflatoxins cause immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, reduced growth and decreased milk and egg production. |
| Ergosine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Metabolite | Description |
| Enniatin B1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Enniatin B | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Deoxynivalenol | Deoxynivalenol induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity and myelotoxicity, as well as reproductive toxicity. It furthermore causes intestinal lesions and compromises the intestinal barrier function. DON enhance signs of PRRSV infection and caused vaccination failure in a vaccination-challenge trial. |
| Fumonisin B1 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses . Fumonisin B1 has been classified as a group 2B carcinogen. Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. Within the group of Fumonisins, Fumonisin B1 is the most toxic. |
| Beauvericin | Beauvericin is toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. According to published studies, acute exposure to beauvericin was not toxic to animals. However, the effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern.Beauvericin exhibits cytotoxic effects on intestinal procine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) |
| Zearalenone | Zearalenone is an estrogenic toxin, i.e. it acts like the endogenous steroidal sex hormone estradiol thereby compromising the fertility and reproduction of animals. Furthermore, ZEN has been shown to be hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic. |
| Moniliformin | Moniliformin is shown to be toxic to rodents and poultry. Toxic effects include damage to the heart muscle, respiratory distress, decreased feed intake and body weight gain and impaired immune function. |
| Fumonisin B2 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses . Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. |
| Enniatin A1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Aflatoxin B1 | Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins. They have been classified as group 1 carcinogens (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The primary target organ of aflatoxins is the liver. Furthermore, aflatoxins cause immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, reduced growth and decreased milk and egg production. |
| Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside | Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside is a plant metabolite of deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside is less toxic than deoxynivalenol, but it is converted back to deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. In pigs and in rats, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was shown to be converted to deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract and deoxynivalenol was adsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Ochratoxin A | Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin. It has been classified as a group 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Furthermore, ochratoxin A causes immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. |
| Sterigmatocystin | Sterigmatocystin is a precursor of aflatoxins and structurally similar to aflatoxin B1. Sterigmatocystin causes similar effects as aflatoxin B1 in animals, albeit with lower acute toxicity. In dairy cows, sterigmatocystin caused bloody diarrhea and reduced milk production. In pigs, sterigmatocystin caused decreased feed intake, incidental diarrhea and necrotic alterations of the liver tissue. Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of sterigmatocystin were observed in poultry. Furthermore, sterigmatocystin decreased body weight gain in different fish species. |
| T-2 Toxin | T-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene. It showed a high acute toxicity in mice and chickens. T-2 toxin was shown to reduce feed intake in different species including pigs, ducks and mice. Other effects observed in different animal species include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and hepatotoxicty. |
| 15-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol | 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol are metabolites of the mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. They can be converted to Deoxynivalenol in the intestinal tract. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol were shown to induce emesis and feed refusal. They were furthermore shown to be cytotoxic, to disrupt the barrier integrity of epithelial cells and to exert immunosuppressive effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. |
| HT-2 Toxin | HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene and a metabolite of T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin showed a high acute toxicity in mice and chickens with LD50 values in the same dose range as reported for T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin was shown to induce feed refusal in mice. Haematotoxic, immunotoxic and cytotoxic effects of HT-2 toxin were observed in vitro. |
| Ergometrine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Mycophenolic Acid | Mycophenolic Acid shows a low acute toxicity in animals but may cause immunosuppression. |
| 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol | 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol are metabolites of the mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. They can be converted to Deoxynivalenol in the intestinal tract. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol were shown to induce emesis and feed refusal. They were furthermore shown to be cytotoxic, to disrupt the barrier integrity of epithelial cells and to exert immunosuppressive effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. |
| Ergosine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Ergotamine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Roquefortine C | Roquefortine C effects: low acute toxicity, associated neurotoxicity observed in chickens, cows and dogs when co-contaminated with penitrems. Reduced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro at high concentrations. |
The Mycofix® portfolio of feed additives represents the most state-of-the-art solution for protecting animal health by deactivating mycotoxins that contaminate farm animal feed. Its safety and efficacy are proven by 7 EU authorizations for substances that deactivate mycotoxins.
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