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OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition®

DSM-FIRMENICH ESSENTIAL PRODUCTS

Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins, produced with the lowest environmental footprint, in the right amounts, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions, to optimize:

  • Animal Health and Welfare – good for animals
  • Animal Performance – good for farmers
  • Food Quality & Food Waste – good for consumers and the planet
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Check vitamin levels in animal feed. Always.

All ingredients in animal feed are regularly evaluated and likewise vitamin levels and ratios require the same degree of attention. We therefore encourage the feed industry and all other stakeholders to check the vitamin levels in their animal feed. Always.

Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN™) is about feeding animals high quality vitamins in the right amounts and ratios appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. To accomplish this, we are intensely engaged in research and development and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders – leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, and customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry with the dsm-firmenich Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines.

The new OVN™ Vitamin Checker

Vitamins contribute to more sustainable farming

Take our interactive dsm-firmenich Vitamin Supplementation Guideline for a test drive today. There may be improvements to your feed mixture which can benefit people, the planet and your bottom line.

Check your vitamin levels

Selected species

dsm-firmenich Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines 2022 for Animal Nutrition

Broilers

Added per kg air-dry feed

Category/PhaseDurationVit. AVit. D325OHD3 (Hy*D)Vit. E (3,4)Vit. K3 Vit. B1Vit. B2Vit. B6Vit. B12(7)NiacinBiotind-Panto thenic acidFolic acidVit. C (8)Choline
  I.U.I.U.mgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmg
Broilers
Starter		1-10 days12,600-15,7004,200–5,2000.069160-210(5)3.2–4.23.2–4.28.4–10.54.2–6.30.021-0.04264-840.26-0.4216-212.1–2.6105–210420–740
Grower11-24 days10,500-13,1004,200–5,2000.06955-105(6)3.2–4.22.1–3.27.4–9.54.2–6.30.021-0.03264-840.26-0.4212.6-192.1–2.6105–210420–740
Finisher25 days -market10,500-13,1004,200–5,2000.06955-105(6)3.2–4.22.1–3.26.3–8.44.2–6.30.021-0.03253-840.26-0.4210.5-15.82.1–2.6105–210420–630
Broiler breeders
Starter/Grower (Pullets)		1-18 weeks10,500-13,1003,150–5,2000.069105-160(5)3.2–62.5–59–154.2–6.20.025-0.0532-620.26-0.4215-201.6 – 3105–160370–740
Layers and male breeders19 weeks-end12,600-15,7003,150–5,2000.069(2)105-1606–93.5–613–205-80.035-0.0755-700.3-0.616-252.5 – 5105- 160370–740

2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a dsm-firmenich Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing

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Are broilers receiving the right level of vitamins?

Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. This ensures the optimization of animal health and welfare, performance quality and nutritional value of animal-origin food.  We are intensely engaged in research and development, and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders - leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, customers.  This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry in achieving their sustainability goals with the new OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® Guidelines 2022 for Poultry.

Turkeys

Added per kg air-dry feed

Category/PhaseDurationVit. AVit. D325OHD3 (Hy*D)Vit. E(3,4)Vit. K3Vit. B1Vit. B2Vit. B6Vit. B12(7)NiacinBiotind-Pantothenic acidFolic acidVit. C (8)Choline
  I.U.I.U.mgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmg
Turkeys
Starter		1-6 weeks12,600-15,7004,200-5,2000.092160-210(5)4.2-5.24.7-5.216-216.5-7.50.042-0.052105-1600.26-0.4232-374.2-6.2105-2101,050-1,250
Grower7-12 weeks10,500-12,6003,200-5,2000.09265-853.2-4.23.2-5.211-165.5-7.50.032-0.04285-1050.26-0.3221-262.1-3.1105-210525-1,050
Finisher 113-18 weeks8,400-10,5003,200-4,2000.09232-52(6)3.2-4.23.2-4.28.5-10.53.2-6.20.022-0.03265-850.21-0.2616-212.1-2.6105-210420-630
Finisher 219 wks-market6,300-9,4003,200-4,2000.09232-52(6)3.2-4.22.2-3.28.5-10.53.2-6.20.016-0.02652-630.21-0.2616-212.1-2.6105-210420-630
Turkey breeders
Starter		1-6 weeks12,600-14,7004,200-5,2000.092105-160(5)4.2-5.24.7-5.216-216.5-7.50.042-0.052105-1600.42-0.6232-374.2-6.2105-2101,050-1,250
Grower7-29 weeks8,400-10,5004,200-5,2000.09265-852.2-4.22.2-3.211-166.5-7.50.032-0.04265-850.42-0.6226-312.2-3.2105-2101,050-1,250
Layers and male
breeders		Laying phase12,600-14,7004,200-5,2000.092(2)105-1604.2-5.24.2-5.216-216.5-7.50.042-0.05285-1250.42-0.6232-374.2-6.2105-210525-1,050

2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a dsm-firmenich Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing

Layers & other poultry

Added per kg air-dry feed

Category/PhaseDurationVit. AVit. D3(2)25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2)Vit. E(3)Vit. K3 (Menadione)Vit. B1Vit. B2Vit. B6Vit. B12(7)Niacind-Panto thenic acidFolic acidBiotinVit. C (8)(9)Choline
  I.U.I.U.mgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmg
Hens and Duck
Layers
Starter (Pullets)		1-10 weeks12,600-14,0003,200-4,2000.06955-100(5)3.2-62.1-2.67-104.7-60.026-0.03252-6516-181.5-20.16-0.21105-160210-420
Rearing (Pullets)11 wks-2% lay10,500-13,0003,200-4,2000.06935-1003.2-62.1-2.65.5-6.53.2-5.50.025-0.0335-6512.6-15.71.5-20.12-0.20105-160210-420
LayersLaying phase8,500-13,0003,200-4,2000.06925-503-62.6-3.25.5-7.54-5.50.02-0.0335-558.5-12.51.5-2.50.12-0.20105-210320-520
Layers breeders
Pullets, Layers and
Male Breeders		1 week to end12,600-15,7003,200-4,8000.069(2)55-105(5)2.1-5.22.6-510.5-155.2-70.022-0.0547-6615.8-212.1-3.40.26-0.42160-210315-525
Ducks and Geese 12,600-15,7003,200-5,2000.06942-843.1-5.22.1-3.15.2-7.35.2-7.30.022-0.0563-8410.5-15.71.5-2.10.21-0.26105-210315-525
Partridges, quails
and pheasants		 12,600-14,1003,200-4,2000.06952-842.1-4.22.1-4.25.2-7.34.2-6.30.031-0.05252-8415.7-26.21.6-2.10.21-0.26105-210420-630
Ostrich and emu 12,600-16,8003,200-4,2000.06942-632.1-4.23.1-5.210.5-216.3-8.40.052-0.10584-10512.6-21.02.1-4.20.21-0.37210-260630-840

 2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a dsm-firmenich Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing

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Are layers receiving the right level of vitamins?

Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. This ensures the optimization of animal health and welfare, performance quality and nutritional value of animal-origin food.  We are intensely engaged in research and development, and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders - leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, customers.  This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry in achieving their sustainability goals with the new OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® Guidelines 2022 for Poultry.

Conversion Factors

Vitamin (active substance)UnitConversion factor active substance form to vitamin form
Vitamin A (retinol)IU1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate)
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)IU1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3
25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol)mg1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3
Vitamin E (tocopherol)mg1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate
Vitamin K3 (menadione)mg1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB)
1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)mg1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)mg 
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) mg1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)mg 
Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide)mg1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin
1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin
Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin)mg1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin
Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid)mg1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)mg 
Vitamin Cmg1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid

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dsm-firmenich Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines 2022 for Animal Nutrition

Swine

Added per kg air-dry feed

Category/PhaseDurationVit. AVit. D3(2)25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2)Vit. E(3)Vit. K3 (Menadione)Vit. B1Vit. B2Vit. B6Vit. B12(7)Niacind-Panto thenic acidFolic acidBiotinVit. C (8)(9)Cholineß-carotene
  I.U.I.U.mgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmg
Fattening pigs
Pre-starter		<5 kg10,500-22,5001,890-2,1000.05105-160(3)8.5-113.8-5.810.5-166.4-8.40.052-0.07263-8432-521.6-3.30.32-0.52210-260525-420 -
Starter5-30 kg10,500-16,0001,890-2,1000.05105-160(3)5.2-6.43.2-5.210.5-166.4-8.40.042-0.06238-5826-461.6-2.60.32-0.52105-210260-420 -
Grower30-70 kg7,350-10,5001,570-2,1000.0564-105(4)2.1-4.22.1-3.17.3-10.52.6-4.70.032-0.05221-5026-471.1-1.160.2-0.4 - 15-315 -
Finisher70 kg to market5,250-8,4001,050-1,5700.0564-105(4)2.1-4.21.1-2.16.3-10.52.1-3.70.032-0.05221-4226-470.52-1.050.105-0.21 - 105-210 -
Breeders                 
Replacement gilts - 10,500-13,1001,900-2,1000.0584-1052.5-4.41.05-2.26.3-10.55.3-8.40.032-0.05230-5016-333.7-5.70.32-0.52210-315270-525 -
SowsGestation10,500-15,7001,570-2,1000.05105-160(5)4.7-5.22.1-2.66.3-10.53.7-5.70.032-0.05232-4737-423.7-5.70.52-0.84210-315525-840 -
SowsLactation10,500-15,7001,570-2,1000.05105-190(5)4.7-5.22.1-36.3-10.53.7-5.70.032-0.05240-10037-423.7-5.70.52-0.84210-315525-840300(8)
Boars - 10,500-15,7001,570-2,1000.05105-1604.7-5.21.05-2.26.3-10.53.7-5.70.032-0.05232-4721-333.7-5.70.52-0.84210-525525-840 -

(1)Added per kg air-dried feed. Local limits need to be observed. OVN® levels are ranges for consideration, depending on several factors, such as husbandry conditions and health status.
(2)When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
(3) For optimum immune function increase level up to 250 mg/kg 
(4) For optimum meat quality increase level up to 250 mg/kg for 90 to 120 days before slaughter
(5) For optimum piglet health increase level up to 250 mg/kg during late pregnancy and lactation 
(6) Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or remove
(7) Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during feed processing 
(8) For improved sow fertility the suggested level must be fed per animal per day immediately after weaning until confirmed conceptio

 

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Are Swine receiving the right level of vitamins?


As the industry and science progressed, DSM launches the new Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines for the Swine industry. Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. This ensures the optimization of animal health and welfare, performance quality and nutritional value of animal-origin food. We are intensely engaged in research and development, and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders - leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry in achieving their sustainability goals with the new OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® Guidelines 2022 for Swine.

Conversion Factors

Vitamin activity (active substance)UnitConversion factor from active substance to vitamin form
Vitamin A (retinol)IU1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate)
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)IU1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3
25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol)mg1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3
Vitamin E (tocopherol)mg1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate
Vitamin K3 (menadione)mg1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB)
1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)mg1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)mg- 
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)mg1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)mg- 
Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide)mg1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin
1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin
Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin) mg1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin
Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid)mg1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)mg-
Vitamin Cmg1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid
β-Carotenemg-

Stay on top of your animals' nutrition.

Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.

Download on iPhone
Download on Android
Download PDF

Related Publications

View all articles >

Related Downloads

dsm-firmenich Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines 2022 for Animal Nutrition

Ruminants

Category/PhaseVit. A(4)Vit. D3(4)250HD3(4) (Hy•D®)Vit. EVit. K3Vit. B1Vit. B2Vit. B6Vit. B12NiacinBiotind-Pantothenic acidFolic acidVit. C Cholineß-carotene
 I.U.I.U. mgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmgmg
Calves
Milk replacer (0-3 months)		20,000 – 32,0002,000 – 4,000 150 – 2001.0 – 1.5 2.5 – 5.02.5 – 4.52.5 – 4.50.04 – 0.089.0 – 18.00.05 – 0.17.0 – 9.00.2 – 0.3250 – 500500 – 750100(14)
Starter dry feed7,500 – 10,0002,200 – 3,000 135 – 200            
Heifers (dairy replacement)
Growing		20,000 – 60,0006,000 – 16,350 300 – 500      10 –20(12)    300 – 500(15)
6-4 weeks precalving80,000 – 100,00020,000 – 25,0003(5)2,000 – 3,000     6,000 – 12,00020(12)    500 – 1,000(16)
Beef cattle
Growing		25,000 – 50,0006,000 – 9,000 200 – 300 60 – 250(9)    10 –20(12)     
Fattening & finishing40,000 – 80,0005,000 – 7,000  500-2,000(6) 60-250(9)    10 –20(12)     
Beef cows40,000 – 70,0005,000 – 10,000 350 – 500      20(12)    300 – 500(15)
Dairy cows
Dry cows, far-off(2)		80,000 –120,00025,000 – 30,000 1,100 – 4,000(7)     6,000 – 12,000(11)20 – 40(13)    500 – 1,000(17)
Dry cows, close-up(3)80,000 – 120,00025,000 – 30,0003(5)2,000 – 4,000(7)      20 – 40(13)    500 – 1,000(16)
Lactation100,000 – 150,00025,000 – 40,0001600 – 1,000(8)     6,000 – 12,000(11)20 – 40(13)    300 – 500(18)
Breeding bulls50,000 – 80,0005,000 – 10,000  300 – 500      20(12)     
Sheep & Goats10,000 – 15,000400 – 600  300 – 600 200(10)    5(12)    30 – 50

(1) Supplementary amount/head/day
(2) From dry-off to 3 weeks before calving
(3) From 3 weeks before calving to calving
(4) Local limits need to be observed 
(5) 3 weeks before calving 
(6) Upper level for improved color case-life, 100 to 120 days pre-slaughter 
(7) Upper level from 3 weeks pre-partum until 4 weeks post-partum
(8) Upper level for optimum udder health
(9) Upper level for cattle on high concentrate rations 
(10) In high concentrate diets 
(11) From 2 weeks before parturition until peak lactation 
(12) For optimum hoof health and optimum meat marbling
(13) For optimum hoof health and milk yield 
(14) For 2 weeks after colostral period 
(15) 6-8 weeks before 1st insemination/mating when intake of green forage is low
(16) Lower level 8 weeks before 1st calving, upper level 4 weeks before 1st calving when intake of green forage is low
(17) Lower level during entire dry period (Far-off and Close-Up); upper level 3-4 weeks before calving (close-up only) 
(18) Dry and fresh beginning during the dry period until pregnancy is confirmed

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Are Ruminants receiving the right level of vitamins?


Our Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN™) concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. This ensures the optimization of animal health and welfare, performance quality and nutritional value of animal-origin food.  Key milestones towards sustainable Ruminant farming. We are intensely engaged in research and development, and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders - leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, customers.  This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high-quality vitamins and support the feed industry with the new DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines!

Vitamin (active substance)UnitConversion factor active substance form to vitamin form
Vitamin A (retinol)IU1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) 
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)IU1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3
250HD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol)mg1 μg 250HD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3
Vitamin E (tocopherol)mg1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate
Vitamin K3 (menadione)mg1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB)
1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)mg1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)mg 
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)mg1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)mg 
Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide)mg1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin 
1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin
Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid) mg1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)mg 
Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin)mg1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin 
Vitamin Cmg1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid
β-carotenemg 

Stay on top of your animals' nutrition.

Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.

Download on iPhone
Download on Android
Download PDF

Related Publications

View all articles >

Related Downloads

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dsm-firmenich Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines 2022 for Animal Nutrition

Fish & Shrimps

Added per kg air-dry feed. Local legal limits need to be observed.

Category/PhaseVit. AVit. D3250HD3 (Hy•D)Vit. EVit. K3Vit. B1Vit. B2Vit. B6Vit. B12NiacinBiotinPantothenic acidFolic acidVit. C (6)CholineAstaxanthin
 (IU/kg)(IU/kg)(mcg/kg)(mg/kg)(mg/kg)(Thiamin) mg/kg(Riboflavin) mg/kg(Pyridoxine) mg/kg(Cyanocobalamin) (mg/kg)(mg/kg)(mg/kg)(mg/kg)(mg/kg)(mg/kg)(mg/kg)(mg/kg)
Salmon/Trout(2)
4,000 – 8,0002,500 – 8,00080 – 800 200 – 600(5)8 – 1215 – 3025 – 4020 – 350.17 – 0.25150 – 2001.0 – 1.240 – 6010 – 15200 – 1,000(7)500 – 4,00050 – 100(8)
Tilapia(2)(9)8,000 – 11,000 1,500 – 2,000 –100 – 750 5 – 10 10 – 2015 – 2015 – 250.02 – 0.0580 – 1200.5 – 1.040 – 5010 – 20150 – 1,500600 – 1,200 
Carp(2)
8,000 – 11,000 1,500 – 2,000–100 – 900 5 – 10 10 – 2015 – 2015 – 250.02 – 0.0580 – 1200.5 – 1.040 – 504 – 7150 – 400600 – 1,800 
Catfish(2)8,000 – 11,000 1,500 – 2,000–100 – 3005 – 10 10 – 2015 – 2015 – 250.02 – 0.0580 – 1200.5 – 1.040 – 504 – 7150 – 1,000600 – 1,100 
Seabass/Seabream(2)
8,000 – 12,000 1,700 – 2,200–200 – 4008 – 1220 – 3020 – 3020 – 250.1 – 0.2100 –1400.8 – 1.050 – 1004 – 6150 – 200600 – 1,00050 – 150
Eel(2)8,000 – 12,000 1,500 – 2,000–150 – 3003 – 6  15 – 2520 – 3010 – 150.1 – 0.280 – 1200.3 – 0.550 – 604 – 6150 – 900800 – 1,200 
Shrimp(3)7,000 – 12,0004,000 – 6,500(4)–150 – 30040 – 6050 – 15040 – 8050 – 1750.02 – 0.05100 – 2501.0 – 2.25100 – 18010 – 20250 – 500600 – 6,50050 – 200

(2) Amount to be increased by 30% for fry and broodstock
(3) At low stock density (<10pl/m2) the lower levels are recommended
(4) upper level for low salinity rearing
(5) Additional 200 mg/kg may be required to optimise flesh quality dependent on dietary fat levels
(6) Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C®35 for reducing losses during processing
(7) During winter feeding for wound healing and immune function: total 1000 mg/kg feed
(8) For flesh pigmentation
(9) Amount to be increased by 30-50% during winter period

Conversion Factors

Vitamin (active substance)UnitConversion factor (active substance form to vitamin form)
Vitamin A (retinol)IU1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate)
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)IU1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3
25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol)mg1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3
Vitamin E (tocopherol)mg1 mg Vitamin E = 1 mg dl-α-Tocopheryl acetate
Vitamin K3 (menadione)mg1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)mg1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)mg 
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)mg1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)mg 
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)mg1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg niacin
1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin
Vitamin H or B7 (D-Biotin)mg1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin
Vitamin B5 (D-Pantothenic acid)mg1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1,087 mg Calcium d-Pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
mg 
Vitamin Cmg1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid
AstaxanthinIU 

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