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OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition®

DSM ESSENTIAL PRODUCTS

Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins, produced with the lowest environmental footprint, in the right amounts, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions, to optimize:

  • Animal Health and Welfare – good for animals
  • Animal Performance – good for farmers
  • Food Quality & Food Waste – good for consumers and the planet
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Check and adjust vitamin levels for more sustainable farming.

All ingredients in animal feed are regularly evaluated and likewise vitamin levels require the same degree of attention.

We therefore encourage the feed industry and all other stakeholders to check the vitamin levels in their animal feed and adjust them accordingly for more sustainable farming.

DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines are designed to provide OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® of animals under typical industry practice.

To accomplish this, we are intensely engaged in research and development and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders – leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, and customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry with the DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines.

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Vitamins contribute to more sustainable farming

Take our interactive DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guideline for a test drive today. There may be improvements to your feed mixture which can benefit people, the planet and your bottom line.

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DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines 2022 for Animal Nutrition

Broilers

Added per kg air-dry feed

Category/Phase Duration Vit. A Vit. D3 25OHD3 (Hy*D) Vit. E (3,4) Vit. K3  Vit. B1 Vit. B2 Vit. B6 Vit. B12(7) Niacin Biotin d-Panto thenic acid Folic acid Vit. C (8) Choline
    I.U. I.U. mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg
Broilers
Starter		 1-10 days 12,600-15,700 4,200–5,200 0.069 160-210(5) 3.2–4.2 3.2–4.2 8.4–10.5 4.2–6.3 0.021-0.042 64-84 0.26-0.42 16-21 2.1–2.6 105–210 420–740
Grower 11-24 days 10,500-13,100 4,200–5,200 0.069 55-105(6) 3.2–4.2 2.1–3.2 7.4–9.5 4.2–6.3 0.021-0.032 64-84 0.26-0.42 12.6-19 2.1–2.6 105–210 420–740
Finisher 25 days -market 10,500-13,100 4,200–5,200 0.069 55-105(6) 3.2–4.2 2.1–3.2 6.3–8.4 4.2–6.3 0.021-0.032 53-84 0.26-0.42 10.5-15.8 2.1–2.6 105–210 420–630
Broiler breeders
Starter/Grower (Pullets)		 1-18 weeks 10,500-13,100 3,150–5,200 0.069 105-160(5) 3.2–6 2.5–5 9–15 4.2–6.2 0.025-0.05 32-62 0.26-0.42 15-20 1.6 – 3 105–160 370–740
Layers and male breeders 19 weeks-end 12,600-15,700 3,150–5,200 0.069(2) 105-160 6–9 3.5–6 13–20 5-8 0.035-0.07 55-70 0.3-0.6 16-25 2.5 – 5 105- 160 370–740

2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a DSM Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing

Turkeys

Added per kg air-dry feed

Category/Phase Duration Vit. A Vit. D3 25OHD3 (Hy*D) Vit. E(3,4) Vit. K3 Vit. B1 Vit. B2 Vit. B6 Vit. B12(7) Niacin Biotin d-Pantothenic acid Folic acid Vit. C (8) Choline
    I.U. I.U. mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg
Turkeys
Starter		 1-6 weeks 12,600-15,700 4,200-5,200 0.092 160-210(5) 4.2-5.2 4.7-5.2 16-21 6.5-7.5 0.042-0.052 105-160 0.26-0.42 32-37 4.2-6.2 105-210 1,050-1,250
Grower 7-12 weeks 10,500-12,600 3,200-5,200 0.092 65-85 3.2-4.2 3.2-5.2 11-16 5.5-7.5 0.032-0.042 85-105 0.26-0.32 21-26 2.1-3.1 105-210 525-1,050
Finisher 1 13-18 weeks 8,400-10,500 3,200-4,200 0.092 32-52(6) 3.2-4.2 3.2-4.2 8.5-10.5 3.2-6.2 0.022-0.032 65-85 0.21-0.26 16-21 2.1-2.6 105-210 420-630
Finisher 2 19 wks-market 6,300-9,400 3,200-4,200 0.092 32-52(6) 3.2-4.2 2.2-3.2 8.5-10.5 3.2-6.2 0.016-0.026 52-63 0.21-0.26 16-21 2.1-2.6 105-210 420-630
Turkey breeders
Starter		 1-6 weeks 12,600-14,700 4,200-5,200 0.092 105-160(5) 4.2-5.2 4.7-5.2 16-21 6.5-7.5 0.042-0.052 105-160 0.42-0.62 32-37 4.2-6.2 105-210 1,050-1,250
Grower 7-29 weeks 8,400-10,500 4,200-5,200 0.092 65-85 2.2-4.2 2.2-3.2 11-16 6.5-7.5 0.032-0.042 65-85 0.42-0.62 26-31 2.2-3.2 105-210 1,050-1,250
Layers and male
breeders		 Laying phase 12,600-14,700 4,200-5,200 0.092(2) 105-160 4.2-5.2 4.2-5.2 16-21 6.5-7.5 0.042-0.052 85-125 0.42-0.62 32-37 4.2-6.2 105-210 525-1,050

2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a DSM Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing

Layers & other Poultry

Added per kg air-dry feed

Category/Phase Duration Vit. A Vit. D3 25OHD3 (Hy*D) Vit. E(3,4) Vit. K3 Vit. B1 Vit. B2 Vit. B6 Vit. B12(7) Niacin Biotin d-Pantothenic acid Folic acid Vit. C (8) Choline
    I.U. I.U. mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg
Hens and Duck
Layers
Starter (Pullets)		 1-10 weeks 12,600-14,000 3,200-4,200 0.069 55-100(5) 3.2-6 2.1-2.6 7-10 4.7-6 0.026-0.032 52-65 0.16-0.21 16-18 1.5-2 105-160 210-420
Rearing (Pullets) 11 wks-2% lay 10,500-13,000 3,200-4,200 0.069 35-100 3.2-6 2.1-2.6 5.5-6.5 3.2-5.5 0.025-0.03 35-65 0.12-0.20 12.6-15.7 1.5-2 105-160 210-420
Layers Laying phase 8,500-13,000 3,200-4,200 0.069 25-50 3-6 2.6-3.2 5.5-7.5 4-5.5 0.02-0.03 35-55 0.12-0.20 8.5-12.5 1.5-2.5 105-210 320-520
Layers breeders
Pullets, Layers and
Male Breeders		 1 week to end 12,600-15,700 3,200-4,800 0.069(2) 55-105(5) 2.1-5.2 2.6-5 10.5-15 5.2-7 0.022-0.05 47-66 0.26-0.42 15.8-21 2.1-3.4 160-210 315-525
Ducks and Geese   12,600-15,700 3,200-5,200 0.069 42-84 3.1-5.2 2.1-3.1 5.2-7.3 5.2-7.3 0.022-0.05 63-84 0.21-0.26 10.5-15.7 1.5-2.1 105-210 315-525
Partridges, quails
and pheasants		   12,600-14,100 3,200-4,200 0.069 52-84 2.1-4.2 2.1-4.2 5.2-7.3 4.2-6.3 0.031-0.052 52-84 0.21-0.26 15.7-26.2 1.6-2.1 105-210 420-630
Ostrich and emu   12,600-16,800 3,200-4,200 0.069 42-63 2.1-4.2 3.1-5.2 10.5-21 6.3-8.4 0.052-0.105 84-105 0.21-0.37 12.6-21.0 2.1-4.2 210-260 630-840

2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a DSM Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing

Conversion Factors

Vitamin (active substance) Unit Conversion factor active substance form to vitamin form
Vitamin A (retinol) IU 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate)
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) IU 1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3
25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol) mg 1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3
Vitamin E (tocopherol) mg 1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate
Vitamin K3 (menadione) mg 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB)
1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) mg 1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) mg  
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)  mg 1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) mg  
Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) mg 1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin
1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin
Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin) mg 1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin
Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid) mg 1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) mg  
Vitamin C mg 1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid

DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines 2022 for Animal Nutrition

Swine

Added per kg air-dry feed

Category/Phase Duration Vit. A Vit. D3(2) 25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2) Vit. E(3) Vit. K3 (Menadione) Vit. B1 Vit. B2 Vit. B6 Vit. B12(7) Niacin d-Panto thenic acid Folic acid Biotin Vit. C (8)(9) Choline ß-carotene
    I.U. I.U. mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg
Fattening pigs
Pre-starter		 <5 kg 10,500-22,500 1,890-2,100 0.05 105-160(3) 8.5-11 3.8-5.8 10.5-16 6.4-8.4 0.052-0.072 63-84 32-52 1.6-3.3 0.32-0.52 210-260 525-840  
Starter 5-30 kg 10,500-16,000 1,890-2,100 0.05 105-160(3) 5.2-6.4 3.2-5.2 10.5-16 6.4-8.4 0.042-0.062 38-58 26-46 1.6-2.6 0.32-0.52 105-210 260-420  
Grower 30-70 kg 7,350-10,500 1,570-2,100 0.05 64-105(4) 2.1-4.2 2.1-3.1 7.3-10.5 2.6-4.7 0.032-0.052 21-50 26-47 1.1-1.6 0.2-0.4  -  157-315  
Finisher 70 kg to market 5,250-8,400 1,050-1,570 0.05 64-105(4) 2.1-4.2 1.1-2.1 6.3-10.5 2.1-3.7 0.032-0.052 21-42 26-47 0.52-1.05 0.105-0.21 -  105-210  
Breeders                                  
Replacement gilts  -  10,500-13,100 1,900-2,100 0.05 84-105 2.5-4.4 1.05-2.2 6.3-10.5 5.3-8.4 0.032-0.052 30-50 16-33 3.7-5.7 0.32-0.52 210-315 270-525  
Sows Gestation 10,500-15,700 1,570-2,100 0.05 105-160(5) 4.7-5.2 2.1-2.6 6.3-10.5 3.7-5.7 0.032-0.052 32-47 37-42 3.7-5.7 0.52-0.84 210-315 525-840  
Sows Lactation 10,500-15,700 1,570-2,100 0.05 105-190(5) 4.7-5.2 2.1-3 6.3-10.5 3.7-5.7 0.032-0.052 40-100 37-42 3.7-5.7 0.52-0.84 210-315 525-840 300(8)
Boars  -  10,500-15,700 1,570-2,100 0.05 105-160 4.7-5.2 1.05-2.2 6.3-10.5 3.7-5.7 0.032-0.052 32-47 21-33 3.7-5.7 0.52-0.84 210-525 525-840  

(1)Added per kg air-dried feed. Local limits need to be observed. OVN® levels are ranges for consideration, depending on several factors, such as husbandry conditions and health status.
(2)When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
(3) For optimum immune function increase level up to 250 mg/kg 
(4) For optimum meat quality increase level up to 250 mg/kg for 90 to 120 days before slaughter
(5) For optimum piglet health increase level up to 250 mg/kg during late pregnancy and lactation 
(6) Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or remove
(7) Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during feed processing 
(8) For improved sow fertility the suggested level must be fed per animal per day immediately after weaning until confirmed conceptio

 

Conversion Factors

Vitamin activity (active substance) Unit Conversion factor from active substance to vitamin form
Vitamin A (retinol) IU 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate)
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) IU 1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3
25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol) mg 1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3
Vitamin E (tocopherol) mg 1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate
Vitamin K3 (menadione) mg 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB)
1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) mg 1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) mg - 
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) mg 1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) mg - 
Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) mg 1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin
1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin
Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin)  mg 1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin
Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid) mg 1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) mg -
Vitamin C mg 1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid
β-Carotene mg -

DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines 2022 for Animal Nutrition

Ruminants

Category/Phase Vit. A(4) Vit. D3(4) 250HD3(4) (Hy•D®) Vit. E Vit. K3 Vit. B1 Vit. B2 Vit. B6 Vit. B12 Niacin Biotin d-Pantothenic acid Folic acid Vit. C  Choline ß-carotene
  I.U. I.U.   mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg mg
Calves
Milk replacer (0-3 months)		 20,000 – 32,000 2,000 – 4,000   150 – 200 1.0 – 1.5  2.5 – 5.0 2.5 – 4.5 2.5 – 4.5 0.04 – 0.08 9.0 – 18.0 0.05 – 0.1 7.0 – 9.0 0.2 – 0.3 250 – 500 500 – 750 100(14)
Starter dry feed 7,500 – 10,000 2,200 – 3,000   135 – 200                        
Heifers (dairy replacement)
Growing		 20,000 – 60,000 6,000 – 16,350   300 – 500             10 –20(12)         300 – 500(15)
6-4 weeks precalving 80,000 – 100,000 20,000 – 25,000 3(5) 2,000 – 3,000           6,000 – 12,000 20(12)         500 – 1,000(16)
Beef cattle
Growing		 25,000 – 50,000 6,000 – 9,000   200 – 300   60 – 250(9)         10 –20(12)          
Fattening & finishing 40,000 – 80,000 5,000 – 7,000  1 500-2,000(6)   60-250(9)         10 –20(12)          
Beef cows 40,000 – 70,000 5,000 – 10,000   350 – 500             20(12)         300 – 500(15)
Dairy cows
Dry cows, far-off(2)		 80,000 –120,000 25,000 – 30,000   1,100 – 4,000(7)           6,000 – 12,000(11) 20 – 40(13)         500 – 1,000(17)
Dry cows, close-up(3) 80,000 – 120,000 25,000 – 30,000 3(5) 2,000 – 4,000(7)             20 – 40(13)         500 – 1,000(16)
Lactation 100,000 – 150,000 25,000 – 40,000 1 600 – 1,000(8)           6,000 – 12,000(11) 20 – 40(13)         300 – 500(18)
Breeding bulls 50,000 – 80,000 5,000 – 10,000    300 – 500             20(12)          
Sheep & Goats 10,000 – 15,000 400 – 600    300 – 600   200(10)         5(12)         30 – 50

(1) Supplementary amount/head/day except calves amount/kg air-dried feed. OVN™ levels are ranges for consideration, depending on several factors, such as husbandry                  conditions and health status.
(2) From dry-off to 3 weeks before calving
(3) From 3 weeks before calving to calving
(4) Local limits need to be observed 
(5) 3 weeks before calving 
(6) Upper level for improved color case-life, 100 to 120 days pre-slaughter 
(7) Upper level from 3 weeks pre-partum until 4 weeks post-partum
(8) Upper level for optimum udder health
(9) Upper level for cattle on high concentrate rations 
(10) In high concentrate diets 
(11) From 2 weeks before parturition until peak lactation 
(12) For optimum hoof health and optimum meat marbling
(13) For optimum hoof health and milk yield 
(14) For 2 weeks after colostral period 
(15) 6-8 weeks before 1st insemination/mating when intake of green forage is low
(16) Lower level 8 weeks before 1st calving, upper level 4 weeks before 1st calving when intake of green forage is low
(17) Lower level during entire dry period (Far-off and Close-Up); upper level 3-4 weeks before calving (close-up only) 
(18) Dry and fresh beginning during the dry period until pregnancy is confirmed

Conversion Factors

Vitamin (active substance) Unit Conversion factor active substance form to vitamin form
Vitamin A (retinol) IU 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) 
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) IU 1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3
250HD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol) mg 1 μg 250HD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3
Vitamin E (tocopherol) mg 1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate
Vitamin K3 (menadione) mg 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB)
1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) mg 1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) mg  
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) mg 1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) mg  
Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) mg 1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin 
1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin
Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid)  mg 1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) mg  
Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin) mg 1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin 
Vitamin C mg 1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid
β-carotene mg  

DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines 2022 for Animal Nutrition

Aquaculture

Added per kg air-dry feed. Local legal limits need to be observed.

Category/Phase Vit. A Vit. D3 250HD3 (Hy•D) Vit. E Vit. K3 Vit. B1 Vit. B2 Vit. B6 Vit. B12 Niacin Biotin Pantothenic acid Folic acid Vit. C (6) Choline Astaxanthin
  (IU/kg) (IU/kg) (mcg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (Thiamin) mg/kg (Riboflavin) mg/kg (Pyridoxine) mg/kg (Cyanocobalamin) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Salmon/Trout(2)
 4,000 – 8,000 2,500 – 8,000 80 – 800  200 – 600(5) 8 – 12 15 – 30 25 – 40 20 – 35 0.17 – 0.25 150 – 200 1.0 – 1.2 40 – 60 10 – 15 200 – 1,000(7) 500 – 4,000 50 – 100(8)
Tilapia(2)(9) 8,000 – 11,000  1,500 – 2,000  – 100 – 750  5 – 10  10 – 20 15 – 20 15 – 25 0.02 – 0.05 80 – 120 0.5 – 1.0 40 – 50 10 – 20 150 – 1,500 600 – 1,200  
Carp(2)
 8,000 – 11,000  1,500 – 2,000 – 100 – 900  5 – 10  10 – 20 15 – 20 15 – 25 0.02 – 0.05 80 – 120 0.5 – 1.0 40 – 50 4 – 7 150 – 400 600 – 1,800  
Catfish(2) 8,000 – 11,000  1,500 – 2,000 – 100 – 300 5 – 10  10 – 20 15 – 20 15 – 25 0.02 – 0.05 80 – 120 0.5 – 1.0 40 – 50 4 – 7 150 – 1,000 600 – 1,100  
Seabass/Seabream(2)
 8,000 – 12,000  1,700 – 2,200 – 200 – 400 8 – 12 20 – 30 20 – 30 20 – 25 0.1 – 0.2 100 –140 0.8 – 1.0 50 – 100 4 – 6 150 – 200 600 – 1,000 50 – 150
Eel(2) 8,000 – 12,000  1,500 – 2,000 – 150 – 300 3 – 6   15 – 25 20 – 30 10 – 15 0.1 – 0.2 80 – 120 0.3 – 0.5 50 – 60 4 – 6 150 – 900 800 – 1,200  
Shrimp(3) 7,000 – 12,000 4,000 – 6,500(4) – 150 – 300 40 – 60 50 – 150 40 – 80 50 – 175 0.02 – 0.05 100 – 250 1.0 – 2.25 100 – 180 10 – 20 250 – 500 600 – 6,500 50 – 200

(2) Amount to be increased by 30% for fry and broodstock
(3) At low stock density (<10pl/m2) the lower levels are recommended
(4) upper level for low salinity rearing
(5) Additional 200 mg/kg may be required to optimise flesh quality dependent on dietary fat levels
(6) Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C®35 for reducing losses during processing
(7) During winter feeding for wound healing and immune function: total 1000 mg/kg feed
(8) For flesh pigmentation
(9) Amount to be increased by 30-50% during winter period

Conversion Factors

Vitamin (active substance) Unit Conversion factor (active substance form to vitamin form)
Vitamin A (retinol) IU 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate)
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) IU 1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3
25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol) mg 1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3
Vitamin E (tocopherol) mg 1 mg Vitamin E = 1 mg dl-α-Tocopheryl acetate
Vitamin K3 (menadione) mg 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) mg 1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) mg  
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) mg 1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) mg  
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) mg 1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg niacin
1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin
Vitamin H or B7 (D-Biotin) mg 1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin
Vitamin B5 (D-Pantothenic acid) mg 1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1,087 mg Calcium d-Pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
 mg  
Vitamin C mg 1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid
Astaxanthin IU  
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