Our Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN™) concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. OVN™ is a cost-effective vitamin supplementation optimizing:
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All ingredients in animal feed are regularly evaluated and likewise vitamin levels and ratios require the same degree of attention. We therefore encourage the feed industry and all other stakeholders to check the vitamin levels in their animal feed. Always.
Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN™) is about feeding animals high quality vitamins in the right amounts and ratios appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. To accomplish this, we are intensely engaged in research and development and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders – leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, and customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry with the DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines.
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Duration | Vit. A | Vit. D3(2) | 25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2) | Vit. E(3) | Vit. K3 (Menadione) | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12(7) | Niacin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Biotin | Vit. C (8)(9) | Choline |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Broilers Starter |
1-10 days | 12.000-15.000 | 4000-5000 | 0,069 | 150-200(5) | 3-4 | 3-4 | 8-10 | 4-6 | 0,020-0,040 | 60-80 | 15-20 | 2-2,5 | 0,25-0,40 | 100-200 | 400-700 |
| Grower | 11-24 days | 10.000-12.500 | 4000-5000 | 0,069 | 50-100(6)(7) | 3-4 | 2-3 | 7-9 | 4-6 | 0,020-0,030 | 60-80 | 12-18 | 2-2,5 | 0,25-0,40 | 100-200 | 400-700 |
| Finisher | 25 dd-market | 10.000-12.500 | 4000-5000 | 0,069 | 50-100(6)(7) | 3-4 | 2-3 | 6-8 | 4-6 | 0,020-0,030 | 50-80 | 10-15 | 2-2,5 | 0,25-0,40 | 100-200 | 400-600 |
| Broiler breeders Starter/Grower (pullets) |
0-18 weeks | 10.000-12.000 | 3000-5000 | 0,069 | 100-150(5) | 3-5 | 2-3,5 | 8-10 | 4-6 | 0,020-0,030 | 30-60 | 13-15 | 1,5-2,5 | 0,25-0,40 | 100-150 | 350-700 |
| Layers and male breeders | 19 weeks-end | 12.000-15.000 | 3000-5000 | 0,069(3) | 100-150(5) | 5-7 | 3-3,5 | 12-16 | 4-6 | 0,030-0,040 | 50-60 | 15-25 | 2-4 | 0,25-0,40 | 100-150 | 350-700 |
(2) Local legal limits need to be observed
(3) Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy-D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® red) is a DSM Nutritional Products Patent and Trademark
(4) When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
(5) For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
(6) Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
(7) For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
(8) Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
(9) Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders
(10) Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C®35 for reducing loss during processing
| Vitamin activity (active substance) | Conversion factor from active substance to vitamin form |
| 1 IU Vitamin A (retinol) | 0,344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| 1 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | 0,025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 1 μg 25OHD3 | 40 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin E (tocopherol) | 1,0 mg DL- α-Tocopheryl acetate |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin K3 (menadione) | 2,0 mg Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) 2,3 mg Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 1,088 mg Thiamine mononitrate 1,12 mg Thiamine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 1,215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg d-Pantothenic acid | 1,087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate 2,174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| 1,0 mg Biotin | 1 mg D-Biotin |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin C | 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| 1,0 mg Choline | 1,15 mg Choline chloride |
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Duration | Vit. A | Vit. D3(2) | 25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2) | Vit. E(3) | Vit. K3 (Menadione) | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12(7) | Niacin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Biotin | Vit. C (8)(9) | Choline |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Turkeys Starter |
0-6 weeks | 12.000-15.000 | 4000-5000 | 0,092 | 150-200(5) | 4-5 | 4,5-5 | 15-20 | 6-7 | 0,040-0,050 | 100-150 | 30-35 | 4-6 | 0,25-0,40 | 100-200 | 1000-1200 |
| Grower | 7-12 weeks | 10.000-12.000 | 3000-5000 | 0,092 | 60-80(6) | 3-4 | 3-5 | 10-15 | 5-7 | 0,030-0,040 | 80-100 | 20-25 | 2-3 | 0,25-0,30 | 100-200 | 500-1000 |
| Finisher 1 | 13-18 weeks | 8000-10.000 | 3000-4000 | 0,092 | 30-50(6)(7) | 3-4 | 3-4 | 8-10 | 3-6 | 0,020-0,030 | 60-80 | 15-20 | 2-2,5 | 0,20-0,25 | 100-200 | 400-600 |
| Finisher 2 | 18 wks-market | 6000-9000 | 3000-4000 | 0,092 | 30-50(6)(7) | 3-4 | 2-3 | 8-10 | 3-6 | 0,015-0,025 | 50-60 | 15-20 | 2-2,5 | 0,20-0,25 | 100-200 | 400-600 |
| Turkey breeders Starter |
0-6 weeks | 12.000-14.000 | 4000-5000 | 0,092 | 100-150(5) | 4-5 | 4,5-5 | 15-20 | 6-7 | 0,040-0,050 | 100-150 | 30-35 | 4-6 | 0,40-0,60 | 100-200 | 1000-1200 |
| Grower | 7-29 weeks | 8000-10.000 | 4000-5000 | 0,092 | 60-80 | 2-4 | 2-3 | 10-15 | 6-7 | 0,030-0,040 | 60-80 | 25-30 | 2-3 | 0,40-0,60 | 100-200 | 1000-1200 |
| Layers and male breeders |
Laying phase | 12.000-14.000 | 4000-5000 | 0,092(3) | 100-150(6) | 4-5 | 4-5 | 15-20 | 6-7 | 0,040-0,050 | 80-120 | 30-35 | 4-6 | 0,40-0,60 | 100-200 | 500-1000 |
(2) Local legal limits need to be observed
(3) Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy-D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® red) is a DSM Nutritional Products Patent and Trademark
(4) When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
(5) For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
(6) Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
(7) For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
(8) Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
(9) Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders
(10) Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C®35 for reducing losses during processing
| Vitamin activity (active substance) | Conversion factor from active substance to vitamin form |
| 1 IU Vitamin A (retinol) | 0,344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| 1 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | 0,025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 1 μg 25OHD3 | 40 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin E (tocopherol) | 1,0 mg DL- α-Tocopheryl acetate |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin K3 (menadione) | 2,0 mg Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) 2,3 mg Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 1,088 mg Thiamine mononitrate 1,12 mg Thiamine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 1,215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg d-Pantothenic acid | 1,087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate 2,174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| 1,0 mg Biotin | 1 mg D-Biotin |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin C | 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| 1,0 mg Choline | 1,15 mg Choline chloride |
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Duration | Vit. A | Vit. D3(2) | 25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2) | Vit. E(3) | Vit. K3 (Menadione) | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12(7) | Niacin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Biotin | Vit. C (8)(9) | Choline |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Hens and Duck Layers Starter (Pullets) |
0-10 weeks | 12.000-13.000 | 3000-4000 | 0,069 | 50-70(5) | 3-3,5 | 2-2,5 | 6-7 | 4,5-5,5 | 0,025-0,030 | 50-60 | 15-17 | 1-1,5 | 0,15-0,20 | 100-150 | 200-400 |
| Rearing (Pullets) | 10 wks-2% lay | 10.000-12.000 | 3000-4000 | 0,069 | 30-35 | 3-3,5 | 2-2,5 | 5-6 | 3-5 | 0,020-0,025 | 30-60 | 12-15 | 1-1,5 | 0,10-0,15 | 100-150 | 200-400 |
| Layers | Laying phase | 8000-12.000 | 3000-4000 | 0,069 | 20-30(6) | 2,5-3 | 2,5-3 | 5-7 | 3,5-5 | 0,015-0,025 | 30-50 | 8,0-12,0 | 1-1,5 | 0,10-0,15 | 100-200 | 300-500 |
| Layers breeders Pullets, Layers and Male Breeders |
0 weeks to end | 10.000-15.000 | 3000-4500 | 0,069(3) | 50-100(5)(6) | 2-5 | 2,5-3,5 | 10-12 | 5-6 | 0,020-0,040 | 45-60 | 15-20 | 2-3 | 0,25-0,40 | 150-200 | 300-500 |
| Ducks and Geese | 12.000-15.000 | 3000-5000 | 0,069 | 40-80 | 3-5 | 2-3 | 5-7 | 5-7 | 0,020-0,040 | 60-80 | 10-15 | 1-2 | 0,20-0,25 | 100-200 | 300-500 | |
| Partridges, quails and pheasants |
12.000-13.500 | 3000-4000 | 0,069 | 50-80 | 2-4 | 2-4 | 5-7 | 4-6 | 0,030-0,050 | 50-80 | 15-25 | 1,5-2 | 0,20-0,25 | 100-200 | 400-600 | |
| Ostrich and emu | 12.000-16.000 | 3000-4000 | 0,069 | 40-60 | 2-4 | 3-5 | 10-20 | 6-8 | 0,050-0,100 | 80-100 | 12-20 | 2-4 | 0,20-0,35 | 200-250 | 600-800 |
(2) Local legal limits need to be observed
(3) Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy-D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® red) is a DSM Nutritional Products Patent and Trademark
(4) When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
(5) For optimum immune function increase level up to 100 mg/kg in Layers Starter and up to 150 mg/kg in Breeders
(6) Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
(7) Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
(8) Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders
(9) Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C®35 for reducing loss during processing
| Vitamin activity (active substance) | Conversion factor from active substance to vitamin form |
| 1 IU Vitamin A (retinol) | 0,344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| 1 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | 0,025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 1 μg 25OHD3 | 40 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin E (tocopherol) | 1,0 mg DL- α-Tocopheryl acetate |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin K3 (menadione) | 2,0 mg Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) 2,3 mg Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 1,088 mg Thiamine mononitrate 1,12 mg Thiamine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 1,215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg d-Pantothenic acid | 1,087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate 2,174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| 1,0 mg Biotin | 1 mg D-Biotin |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin C | 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| 1,0 mg Choline | 1,15 mg Choline chloride |
Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Duration | Vit. A | Vit. D3(2) | 25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2) | Vit. E(3) | Vit. K3 (Menadione) | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12(7) | Niacin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Biotin | Vit. C (8)(9) | Choline | ß-carotene |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Fattening pigs Pre-starter |
<5 kg | 10.000-20.000 | 1800-2000 | 0,05 | 100-150(4) | 8-10 | 3,5-5,5 | 10-15 | 6-8 | 0,05-0,07 | 60-80 | 30-50 | 1,5-3 | 0,30-0,50 | 200-250 | 500-800 | |
| Starter | 5-30 kg | 10.000-15.000 | 1800-2000 | 0,05 | 100-150 | 5-6 | 3-5 | 10-15 | 6-8 | 0,04-0,06 | 35-55 | 25-45 | 1,5-2,5 | 0,30-0,50 | 100-200 | 250-400 | |
| Grower | 30-70 kg | 7000-10.000 | 1500-2000 | 0,05 | 60-100(5) | 2-4 | 2-3 | 7-10 | 2,5-4,5 | 0,03-0,05 | 20-40 | 25-45 | 1-1,5 | 0,15-0,30 | 150-300 | ||
| Finisher | 70 kg to market | 5000-8000 | 1000-1500 | 0,05 | 60-100(5) | 2-4 | 1-2 | 6-10 | 2-3,5 | 0,03-0,05 | 20-40 | 25-45 | 0,5-1 | 0,10-0,20 | 100-200 | ||
| Breeders Replacement gilts |
10.000-12.500 | 1800-2000 | 0,05 | 80-100 | 2-3,5 | 1-2 | 6-10 | 5-8 | 0,03-0,05 | 25-35 | 15-30 | 3,5-5,5 | 0,30-0,50 | 200-300 | 250-500 | ||
| Sows | Gestation/Lactation | 10.000-15.000 | 1500-2000 | 0,05 | 100-150(6) | 4,5-5 | 2-2,5 | 6-10 | 3,5-5,5 | 0,03-0,05 | 30-45 | 35-40 | 3,5-5,5 | 0,50-0,80 | 200-300 | 500-800 | 300(10) |
| Boars | 10.000-15.000 | 1500-2000 | 0,05 | 100-150 | 4,5-5 | 1-2 | 6-10 | 3,5-5,5 | 0,03-0,05 | 30-45 | 20-30 | 3,5-5,5 | 0,50-0,80 | 200-500 | 500-800 |
(2) Local legal limits need to be observed
(3) When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
(4) For optimum immune function increase level up to 250 mg/kg
(5) For optimum meat quality increase level up to 250 mg/kg for 90 to 120 days before slaughter
(6) For optimum piglet health increase level up to 250 mg/kg during late pregnancy and lactation
(7) Use upper level when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
(8) Recommended in stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders
(9) Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C® 35 for reducing losses during processing
(10) For improved sow fertility the suggested level must be fed per animal per day immediately after weaning until confirmed conception
| Vitamin activity (active substance) | Conversion factor from active substance to vitamin form |
| 1 IU Vitamin A (retinol) | 0,344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| 1 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | 0,025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 1 μg 25OHD3 | 40 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin E (tocopherol) | 1,0 mg DL- α-Tocopheryl acetate |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin K3 (menadione) | 2,0 mg Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) 2,3 mg Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 1,088 mg Thiamine mononitrate 1,12 mg Thiamine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 1,215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg d-Pantothenic acid | 1,087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate 2,174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| 1,0 mg Biotin | 1 mg D-Biotin |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin C | 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| 1,0 mg Choline | 1,15 mg Choline chloride |
Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.
| Category/Phase | Vit. A | Vit. D3(2) | Vit. E(5) | Vit. K3 (Menadione) | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12 | Niacin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Biotin | Vit. C | Choline | ß-carotene |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | |
| Calves, milk replacer(1) 0-3 months |
20.000-32.000 | 1400-1800 | 100-150 | 1-1,5 | 2,5-5 | 2,5-4,5 | 2,5-4,5 | 0,04-0,08 | 9-18 | 7-9 | 0,2-0,3 | 0,05-0,10 | 250-500 | 500-750 | 100(13) |
| Heifers(2) Rearing |
20.000-40.000 | 2500-4000 | 500 | 10-20(11) | 300-500(14) | ||||||||||
| 6-4 wks before calving | 60.000-75.000 | 15.000-20.000 | 1000-3000 | 20(11) | 500-1000(15) | ||||||||||
| Beef cattle(2) Growing |
25.000-50.000 | 6000-9000 | 200-300 | 60-250(9) | 10-20(11) | ||||||||||
| Fattening & finishing | 40.000-80.000 | 5000-7000 | 500-2000(6) | 60-250(9) | 10-20(11) | ||||||||||
| Beef cows(2) | 40.000-70.000 | 5000-10.000 | 300-500 | 20(11) | 300-500(14) | ||||||||||
| Dairy cows(2) Far off & Close-up(3) |
80.000-100.000 | 25.000-30.000 | 1000-4000(7) | 20(12) | 500-1000(16) | ||||||||||
| Transition(4) | 80.000-100.000 | 25.000-30.000 | 1000-4000(7) | 5000-10000(10) | 20(12) | 500-800(17) | |||||||||
| Lactation | 100.000-150.000 | 25.000-40.000 | 600-1000(8) | 5000-10000(10) | 20(12) | 300-500(18) | |||||||||
| Breeding bulls(2) | 50.000-80.000 | 5000-10.000 | 300-500 | 20(11) | |||||||||||
| Sheep & Goats(2) | 5000-10.000 | 400-600 | 200-600 | 5(12) | 30-50 |
(1) Added per kg Calf Milk Replacer powder
(2) Supplementary amount per animal per day
(3) Far off: from 8 to 3 weeks before calving; Close-up: from 3 weeks before calving to calving
(4) Transition: from 4-3 weeks before calving to 3-4 weeks after calving
(5) Local legal limits need to be observed
(6) Upper level for improved color shelf-life, 100 to 120 days pre-slaughter
(7) Upper level from 21 days pre-partum until 28 days post-partum
(8) Upper level for optimum udder health
(9) Upper level for cattle on high concentrate rations
(10) From 2 weeks before parturition until peak lactation
(11) For optimum hoof health and optimum meat marbling
(12) For optimum hoof health and milk yield
(13) For 2 weeks after colostral period
(14) 6-8 weeks before 1st insemination/mating when intake of green forage is low
(15) Lower level 8 weeks before 1st calving; upper level 4 weeks before 1st calving when intake of green forage is low
(16) Lower level during entire dry period (Far off and Close-up); upper level 3-4 weeks before calving (close-up only)
(17) 500-800 mg from 3 to 4 weeks before calving and 300-500 mg from 4 to 6 week after calving
(18) Dry and fresh: beginning during the dry period until pregnancy is confirmed
| Vitamin activity (active substance) | Conversion factor from active substance to vitamin form |
| 1 IU Vitamin A (retinol) | 0,344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| 1 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | 0,025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 1 μg 25OHD3 | 40 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin E (tocopherol) | 1,0 mg DL- α-Tocopheryl acetate |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin K3 (menadione) | 2,0 mg Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) 2,3 mg Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 1,088 mg Thiamine mononitrate 1,12 mg Thiamine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 1,215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg d-Pantothenic acid | 1,087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate 2,174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| 1,0 mg Biotin | 1 mg D-Biotin |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin C | 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| 1,0 mg Choline | 1,15 mg Choline chloride |
Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Vit. A | Vit. D3 | Vit. E | Vit. K3 (Menadione) | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12 | Niacin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Biotin | Vit. C (6) | Choline | Astaxanthin |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Salmon/Trout(2) | 4000-8000 | 2500-3500 | 200-400(5) | 8-12 | 15-30 | 25-40 | 20-35 | 0,05-0,08 | 150-200 | 40-60 | 10-15 | 1,0-1,2 | 150-250(7) | 500-1000 | 50-100(8) |
| Warm-water fish(2) Carp/Tilapia/Cat-fish |
8000-11.000 | 1500-2000 | 100-300 | 5-10 | 10-20 | 15-20 | 15-25 | 0,02-0,05 | 80-120 | 40-50 | 4-7 | 0,5-1,0 | 150-250 | 600-1000 | |
| Eels(2) | 8000-12.000 | 1500-2000 | 150-300 | 3-6 | 15-25 | 20-30 | 10-15 | 0,10-0,20 | 80-120 | 50-60 | 4-6 | 0,3-0,5 | 150-300 | 800-1200 | |
| Seabream / Seabass(2) | 8000-12.000 | 1700-2200 | 200-400 | 8-12 | 20-30 | 20-30 | 20-25 | 0,10-0,20 | 100-140 | 50-100 | 4-6 | 0,8-1,0 | 150-250 | 600-1000 | |
| Shrimp | 7000-12.000 | 2500-6500(4) | 150-300 | 40-60 | 50-100 | 40-80 | 50-120 | 0,02-0,05 | 100-250 | 100-180 | 10-20 | 1,0-2,0 | 250-500 | 400-600 | 15-80 |
(2) Amount to be increased by 30% for fry and broodstock
(3) At low stock density (<10pl/m2) the lower levels are recommended
(4) upper level for low salinity rearing
(5) Additional 200 mg/kg may be required to optimise flesh quality dependent on dietary fat levels
(6) Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C®35 for reducing losses during processing
(7) During winter feeding for wound healing and immune function: total 1000 mg/kg feed
(8) For flesh pigmentation
| Vitamin activity (active substance) | Conversion factor from active substance to vitamin form |
| 1 IU Vitamin A (retinol) | 0,344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| 1 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | 0,025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 1 μg 25OHD3 | 40 IU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin E (tocopherol) | 1,0 mg DL- α-Tocopheryl acetate |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin K3 (menadione) | 2,0 mg Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) 2,3 mg Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 1,088 mg Thiamine mononitrate 1,12 mg Thiamine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 1,215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| 1,0 mg d-Pantothenic acid | 1,087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate 2,174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| 1,0 mg Biotin | 1 mg D-Biotin |
| 1,0 mg Vitamin C | 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| 1,0 mg Choline | 1,15 mg Choline chloride |
Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.
