Only analyzing for single mycotoxins can lead to underestimation of the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on animal health and performance. Our long-term monitoring of mycotoxins in different commodities shows that cooccurrence of mycotoxins is the rule and not the exception. Here we need support of state-of the art analytical methods based on LC-MS/MS. These allow to detect multiple mycotoxins in one run. The high sensitivity of the method is important, as already moderate levels of mycotoxins can have a detrimental effect. This is especially true in case of co-contamination.
Until December, 23,808 samples were collected and analyzed from 95 countries around the world, and the report is now available for you to download.
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The most advanced and comprehensive mycotoxin analysis available.
It detects > 800 different mycotoxins (including masked and modified forms and emerging mycotoxins), fungal metabolites as well as plant and bacterial toxins and metabolites. This is not a routine analysis but it is done in special cases and/or also of course as part of research of future objectives. Spectrum 380® is developed and conducted by the world’s leading independent mycotoxin research lab at the Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna and offered through cooperation with dsm-firmenich.
The most comprehensive mycotoxin analysis commercially available.
It detects > 50 different mycotoxins (including masked and modified forms), emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites. The Spectrum Top® 50 method was developed by scientists of Romer Labs®, a leading global supplier of diagnostic solutions for food and feed safety.
| Metabolite | Description |
| Tryptophol | Tryptophol is produced by Aspergillus ssp. and has cytotoxic and cytostatic effects in vitro. It is genotoxic in lymphocytes and induces apoptosis in leukemic blood monocytes. In vivo it induces sleep in mice, rats, cats and humans. |
| Aurofusarin | Aurofusarin is produced by Fusarium ssp. and causes metabolic changes in poultry and decrease of protein and fat content in chicken meat. A level of 26.4 ppm compromised the immune system of laying hens and decreased fertility and hatchability of eggs. |
| Abscisic acid | Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that regulates numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. |
| Infectopyron | Infectopyron is an alpha-pyrone and is a common Alternaria toxin that exerts cytotoxic effects. However, there is not much information on the threshold for this reasonably recently discovered toxin. |
| Enniatin B | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Culmorin | Culmorin is produced by Fusarium ssp. and exhibits strong synergistic effects with DON. |
| Enniatin B1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Deoxynivalenol | Deoxynivalenol induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity and myelotoxicity, as well as reproductive toxicity. It furthermore causes intestinal lesions and compromises the intestinal barrier function. DON enhance signs of PRRSV infection and caused vaccination failure in a vaccination-challenge trial. |
| Moniliformin | Moniliformin is shown to be toxic to rodents and poultry. Toxic effects include damage to the heart muscle, respiratory distress, decreased feed intake and body weight gain and impaired immune function. |
| 15-hydroxyculmorin | 15-Hydroxyculmorin is produced by Fusarium ssp. It is a trichothecene precursor and co-occurs with culmorin and DON. It is rather non-toxic. |
| Asperphenamate | Asperphenamate is produced by Aspergillus flavipes. It has a weak antitumor activity. |
| Siccanol | Siccanol, also named as Terpestacin is produced by Arthrinium ssp. |
| Asperglaucide | Asperglaucide is an amide with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Asperglaucide inhibits production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and IL-1β. It is active against Gram-negative bacteria and has antioxidant activity. |
| Brevianamid F | Brevianamide F is produced by Aspergillus ssp. It has activity against some Gram-positive bacteria and exerts hepatotoxic effects. |
| Beauvericin | Beauvericin is toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. According to published studies, acute exposure to beauvericin was not toxic to animals. However, the effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern.Beauvericin exhibits cytotoxic effects on intestinal procine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) |
| Flavoglaucin | Flavoglaucin is produced by Aspergillus ssp. |
| Altersetin | Altersetin is produced by Alternaria ssp.and is showing antibacterial properties. |
| Fellutanine A | Fellutanine A is a bio-active diketopiperazine alkaloid isolated from the cultures of Penicillium fellutanum. |
| Zearalenone | Zearalenone is an estrogenic toxin, i.e. it acts like the endogenous steroidal sex hormone estradiol thereby compromising the fertility and reproduction of animals. Furthermore, ZEN has been shown to be hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic. |
| Enniatin A1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Apicidin | Apicidin is produced by Fusarium ssp. and has antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiprotozeal, antiangiogenic and apoptotic effects. It causes body weight loss in rats and hemorrhages in the stomach, intestines and bladder. |
| Equisetin | Equisetin is produced by Fusarium ssp. and inhibits the DNP-stimulated ATPase activity of rat liver mitochondria and mitoplasts. It has weak activity against Gram-positive bacteria. |
| Chrysogin | Chrysogine is a yellow pigment produced by Penicillium chrysogenum and other filamentous fungi. |
| Rugulusovin | Rugulusovin is produced by Aspergillus ssp. |
| Genistin | Genistin is a phytoestrogen. Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic compounds that are produced by plants. They primarily occur in legumes such as soy, clover and alfalfa. Phytoestrogens are structurally similar to estrogens, the primary female sex hormones. Due to this similarity, phytoestrogens bind to estrogen receptors and therefore exert estrogenic effects in animals. |
| Emodin | Emodin is produced by Aspergillus ssp. It exerts genotoxic, cytotoxic, antitumor effects, as well as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. It induces embryonic toxicity in mouse blastocysts and is nephrotoxic in rats. Clinical symptoms in 1-day-old cockerels included loss of appetite, accumulation of fecal material with acute epidermal irritation around the cloaca, general debilitation, and mortality within 5 days of ingestion. |
| Metabolite | Description |
| Deoxynivalenol | Deoxynivalenol induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity and myelotoxicity, as well as reproductive toxicity. It furthermore causes intestinal lesions and compromises the intestinal barrier function. DON enhance signs of PRRSV infection and caused vaccination failure in a vaccination-challenge trial. |
| Beauvericin | Beauvericin is toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. According to published studies, acute exposure to beauvericin was not toxic to animals. However, the effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern.Beauvericin exhibits cytotoxic effects on intestinal procine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) |
| Enniatin B | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Enniatin B1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Zearalenone | Zearalenone is an estrogenic toxin, i.e. it acts like the endogenous steroidal sex hormone estradiol thereby compromising the fertility and reproduction of animals. Furthermore, ZEN has been shown to be hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic. |
| Fumonisin B1 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses . Fumonisin B1 has been classified as a group 2B carcinogen. Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. Within the group of Fumonisins, Fumonisin B1 is the most toxic. |
| Fumonisin B2 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses . Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. |
| Moniliformin | Moniliformin is shown to be toxic to rodents and poultry. Toxic effects include damage to the heart muscle, respiratory distress, decreased feed intake and body weight gain and impaired immune function. |
| Enniatin A1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Fumonisin B3 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses. Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. |
| Alternariol | Alternariol is cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic to mammalian cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, negative effects of alternariol on the reproductive and immune system have been suggested by in vitro results. |
| Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside | Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside is a plant metabolite of deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside is less toxic than deoxynivalenol, but it is converted back to deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. In pigs and in rats, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was shown to be converted to deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract and deoxynivalenol was adsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Enniatin A | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Nivalenol | Nivalenol is a type B trichothecene. It induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and pathological alterations in the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. |
| Aflatoxin B1 | Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins. They have been classified as group 1 carcinogens (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The primary target organ of aflatoxins is the liver. Furthermore, aflatoxins cause immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, reduced growth and decreased milk and egg production. |
| HT-2 Toxin | HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene and a metabolite of T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin showed a high acute toxicity in mice and chickens with LD50 values in the same dose range as reported for T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin was shown to induce feed refusal in mice. Haematotoxic, immunotoxic and cytotoxic effects of HT-2 toxin were observed in vitro. |
| 15-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol | 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol is a metabolite of the mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. It can be converted to Deoxynivalenol in the intestinal tract. 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol was shown to induce emesis and feed refusal. It was furthermore shown to be cytotoxic, to disrupt the barrier integrity of epithelial cells and to exert immunosuppressive effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Depending on test system, 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol is as toxic or even more toxic as Deoxynivalenol. |
| Sterigmatocystin | Sterigmatocystin is a precursor of aflatoxins and structurally similar to aflatoxin B1. Sterigmatocystin causes similar effects as aflatoxin B1 in animals, albeit with lower acute toxicity. In dairy cows, sterigmatocystin caused bloody diarrhea and reduced milk production. In pigs, sterigmatocystin caused decreased feed intake, incidental diarrhea and necrotic alterations of the liver tissue. Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of sterigmatocystin were observed in poultry. Furthermore, sterigmatocystin decreased body weight gain in different fish species. |
| T-2 Toxin | T-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene. It showed a high acute toxicity in mice and chickens. T-2 toxin was shown to reduce feed intake in different species including pigs, ducks and mice. Other effects observed in different animal species include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and hepatotoxicty. |
| Ochratoxin A | Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin. It has been classified as a group 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Furthermore, ochratoxin A causes immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. |
| alpha-Ergocryptine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Mycophenolic Acid | Mycophenolic acid shows a low acute toxicity in animals, but may cause immunosuppression. |
| Ergocristine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Ergotamine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Aflatoxin B2 | Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins. They have been classified as group 1 carcinogens (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The primary target organ of aflatoxins is the liver. Furthermore, aflatoxins cause immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, reduced growth and decreased milk and egg production. |
| Metabolite | Description |
| Deoxynivalenol | Deoxynivalenol induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity and myelotoxicity, as well as reproductive toxicity. It furthermore causes intestinal lesions and compromises the intestinal barrier function. DON enhance signs of PRRSV infection and caused vaccination failure in a vaccination-challenge trial. |
| Enniatin B | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Fumonisin B1 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses . Fumonisin B1 has been classified as a group 2B carcinogen. Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. Within the group of Fumonisins, Fumonisin B1 is the most toxic. |
| Beauvericin | Beauvericin is toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. According to published studies, acute exposure to beauvericin was not toxic to animals. However, the effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern.Beauvericin exhibits cytotoxic effects on intestinal procine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) |
| Zearalenone | Zearalenone is an estrogenic toxin, i.e. it acts like the endogenous steroidal sex hormone estradiol thereby compromising the fertility and reproduction of animals. Furthermore, ZEN has been shown to be hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic. |
| Enniatin B1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Fumonisin B2 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses . Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. |
| Moniliformin | Moniliformin is shown to be toxic to rodents and poultry. Toxic effects include damage to the heart muscle, respiratory distress, decreased feed intake and body weight gain and impaired immune function. |
| Fumonisin B3 | Fumonisins are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. High fumonisin doses cause the species specific fatal diseases porcine pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses. Fumonisins were shown to be immunotoxic and to compromise gut health. They furthermore exert reproductive toxicity. |
| Alternariol | Alternariol is cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic to mammalian cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, negative effects of alternariol on the reproductive and immune system have been suggested by in vitro results. |
| Enniatin A1 | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside | Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside is a plant metabolite of deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside is less toxic than deoxynivalenol, but it is converted back to deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. In pigs and in rats, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was shown to be converted to deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract and deoxynivalenol was adsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Aflatoxin B1 | Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins. They have been classified as group 1 carcinogens (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The primary target organ of aflatoxins is the liver. Furthermore, aflatoxins cause immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, reduced growth and decreased milk and egg production. |
| Enniatin A | Enniatins are toxic to different mammalian cell lines in vitro. The effect of chronic exposure is currently unknown. According to the results of in vitro studies, enniatins may affect the immune system and the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Enniatins were shown to accumulate in the eggs of laying hens, but detected levels were likely no cause for concern. Ennitatins exhibit cytotoxic effects on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). |
| Nivalenol | Nivalenol is a type B trichothecene. It induces emesis and feed refusal resulting in reduced weight gain. Other effects include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and pathological alterations in the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. |
| T-2 Toxin | T-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene. It showed a high acute toxicity in mice and chickens. T-2 toxin was shown to reduce feed intake in different species including pigs, ducks and mice. Other effects observed in different animal species include immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and hepatotoxicty. |
| Ochratoxin A | Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin. It has been classified as a group 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Furthermore, ochratoxin A causes immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. |
| HT-2 Toxin | HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene and a metabolite of T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin showed a high acute toxicity in mice and chickens with LD50 values in the same dose range as reported for T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin was shown to induce feed refusal in mice. Haematotoxic, immunotoxic and cytotoxic effects of HT-2 toxin were observed in vitro. |
| Sterigmatocystin | Sterigmatocystin is a precursor of aflatoxins and structurally similar to aflatoxin B1. Sterigmatocystin causes similar effects as aflatoxin B1 in animals, albeit with lower acute toxicity. In dairy cows, sterigmatocystin caused bloody diarrhea and reduced milk production. In pigs, sterigmatocystin caused decreased feed intake, incidental diarrhea and necrotic alterations of the liver tissue. Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of sterigmatocystin were observed in poultry. Furthermore, sterigmatocystin decreased body weight gain in different fish species. |
| 15-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol | 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol is a metabolite of the mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. It can be converted to Deoxynivalenol in the intestinal tract. 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol was shown to induce emesis and feed refusal. It was furthermore shown to be cytotoxic, to disrupt the barrier integrity of epithelial cells and to exert immunosuppressive effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Depending on test system, 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol is as toxic or even more toxic as Deoxynivalenol. |
| alpha-Ergocryptine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
| Mycophenolic Acid | Mycophenolic Acid shows a low acute toxicity in animals but may cause immunosuppression. |
| Aflatoxin B2 | Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins. They have been classified as group 1 carcinogens (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The primary target organ of aflatoxins is the liver. Furthermore, aflatoxins cause immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, reduced growth and decreased milk and egg production. |
| beta-Zearalenol | Beta-Zearalenol is a metabolite of Zearalenone. It has a reduced estrogenic potency compared to zearalenone, whereas Alpha-Zearalenol is around 60 times more potent than zearalenone. |
| Ergotamine | Ergot alkaloids are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors. Symptoms of ergot alkaloid intoxication include tremors, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. |
The Mycofix® portfolio of feed additives represents the most state-of-the-art solution for protecting animal health by deactivating mycotoxins that contaminate farm animal feed. Its safety and efficacy are proven by 7 EU authorizations for substances that deactivate mycotoxins.
Absolute protection against the broadest range of mycotoxins. With ZENzyme® Faster and Better
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